The Effect of Populism on Democratic Institutions

Abstract

Populism has become an increasingly influential force in global politics, often reshaping the functioning of democratic institutions. Characterized by a rhetorical divide between the "pure people" and the "corrupt elite," populism claims to enhance democracy by restoring power to the majority. However, its real-world impact on institutional structures remains controversial. This research article critically examines the multifaceted effects of populism on key democratic institutions, including the judiciary, legislature, media, electoral systems, and civil society. While populist leaders often rise to power through democratic means, their governance style frequently undermines constitutional norms, erodes institutional independence, and weakens checks and balances. The article explores how populist regimes attempt to centralize authority by delegitimizing dissent, restricting press freedom, altering electoral laws, and interfering in judicial processes. Case studies from countries such as Hungary, the United States, Brazil, India, and Turkey reveal both similarities and context-specific variations in how populism interacts with democracy.

Despite its often negative institutional consequences, populism is not inherently undemocratic. In some contexts, it can act as a corrective mechanism, highlighting popular grievances and reinvigorating political engagement. The dual nature of populism—as both a democratic mobilizer and a potential authoritarian threat—underscores the importance of institutional resilience. The article argues that the long-term effect of populism on democratic institutions depends on the strength of those institutions, the presence of active civil society, and the ability of democratic actors to defend pluralism and the rule of law.

Ultimately, the study calls for a nuanced understanding of populism—not as a uniform threat, but as a complex political phenomenon that interacts with democratic institutions in varied and evolving ways. Policy recommendations and institutional safeguards must be tailored to context-specific challenges in order to preserve democratic norms in the face of populist pressures. : Populism, Democracy, Institutions, Authoritarianism, Electoral Systems, Judicial Independence